[22][23], In 1168, his great-uncle, Marco Polo, borrowed money and commanded a ship in Constantinople. MARC O’POLO stands for high-class, contemporary premium modern casual wear. Peter D'Abano kept the drawing in his volume "Conciliator Differentiarum, quæ inter Philosophos et Medicos Versantur". [81] It is believed that Polo related his memoirs orally to Rustichello da Pisa while both were prisoners of the Genova Republic. Marco told him that during his return trip to the South China Sea, he had spotted what he describes in a drawing as a star "shaped like a sack" (in Latin: ut sacco) with a big tail (magna habens caudam), most likely a comet. ", Then the two brothers and their son Marc said: "Great Lord, in our entourage we have men who will build such mangonels which launch such great stones, that the inhabitants of the city will not endure it and will immediately surrender. Other early important sources are R (Ramusio's Italian translation first printed in 1559), and Z (a fifteenth-century Latin manuscript kept at Toledo, Spain). At the time, there was open discussion of a possible Christian-Mongul alliance with an anti-Islamic function. Emmerick, R.E. However, neither of these accounts mentions Polo or indeed any European as part of the bridal party,[98] and Wood used the lack of mention of Polo in these works as an example of Polo's "retelling of a well-known tale". Biblioteca Marciana, the institute that holds Polo's original copy of his testament. Según los relatos, Marco Polo nació y aprendió a comerciar en Venecia (República de Venecia)[8]​ mientras su padre Niccolò Polo y su tío Maffeo Polo, viajaban por Asia donde habrían conocido a Kublai Kan. En 1269 ambos regresaron a Venecia y vieron por primera vez a Marco, llevándolo con ellos —según los relatos— en un nuevo viaje comercial a Asia, en el que habrían visitado Armenia, Persia y Afganistán, recorriendo toda la Ruta de la Seda, hasta llegar a Mongolia y China. They were received by the royal court of Kublai Khan, who was impressed by Marco's intelligence and humility. Marco Polo gave Pietro other astronomical observations he made in the Southern Hemisphere, and also a description of the Sumatran rhinoceros, which are collected in the Conciliator. [130] Haw dismisses the various anachronistic criticisms of Polo's accounts that started in the 17th century, and highlights Polo's accuracy in great part of his accounts, for example on features of the landscape such as the Grand Canal of China. El mismo aventurero, Marco, se casó con Donata Badoer, también perteneciente a una familia noble, aunque perdió su posición al casarse con el célebre veneciano. En la España árabe hay referencias escritas acerca de los fideos (llamados entonces aletría) desde el siglo XII. This official is actually mentioned in the local gazette Zhishun Zhenjian zhi under the name "Ma Xuelijisi" and the qualification of "General of Third Class". During the trip, however, they received news that after 33 months of vacation, finally, the Conclave had elected the new Pope and that he was exactly the archdeacon of Acre. Hay que tener en cuenta que para aquella época, Marco Polo y su familia no eran los únicos que habían viajado a Asia. Their return to Italy in order to "go to Venice and visit their household" is described in The Travels of Marco Polo as follows: "...they departed from Acre and went to Negropont, and from Negropont they continued their voyage to Venice. [97] His story of the princess Kököchin sent from China to Persia to marry the Īl-khān is also confirmed by independent sources in both Persia and China. Another controversial claim is at chapter 145 when the Book of Marvels states that the three Polos provided the Mongols with technical advice on building mangonels during the Siege of Xiangyang, Adonc distrent les .II. ", Le Moyen Age, vol. En los relatos se afirma que Marco Polo fue gobernador durante tres años de la ciudad china de, También según su relato, los Polo ayudaron a. Esta página se editó por última vez el 19 ene 2021 a las 20:19. (Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia.) Así llegaron, entre otros sitios, temporalmente a Dalmacia, que estaba controlada por Venecia, lo que puso a los venecianos por primera vez en contacto directo con los mongoles. [60][61], Polo related his memoirs orally to Rustichello da Pisa while both were prisoners of the Genova Republic. [28] According to The Travels of Marco Polo, they passed through much of Asia, and met with Kublai Khan, a Mongol ruler and founder of the Yuan dynasty. [67] The popular translation published by Penguin Books in 1958 by R. E. Latham works several texts together to make a readable whole. ? [33]​ Además probablemente proviene del relato de Marco Polo la primera mención a Japón (Cipango) en la literatura occidental, un caso único antes del siglo XVI d. C..[34]​, Algunos historiadores han hecho notar que la redacción formularia y estereotipada de las descripciones que se ofrecen en el libro de lugares y acontecimientos ocurridos en el sur de China contrasta con la más detallada y concreta en cuanto los sucesos se producen en el norte. . He also relates that before dying, Marco Polo insisted that "he had told only a half of the things he had seen". As part of this appointment, Marco travelled extensively inside China, living in the emperor's lands for 17 years. Existen discrepancias entre los historiadores sobre el hecho de que Marco Polo haya realizado efectivamente los viajes que se le atribuyen, en particular aquellos … [8] A data e localização exatas são desconhecidas. [115] In fact, in the 1960s the German historian Herbert Franke noted that all occurrences of Po-lo or Bolod (an Altaic word meaning "steel") in Yuan texts were names of people of Mongol or Turkic extraction. "[132], In 2012, the University of Tübingen Sinologist and historian Hans Ulrich Vogel released a detailed analysis of Polo's description of currencies, salt production and revenues, and argued that the evidence supports his presence in China because he included details which he could not have otherwise known. [c]​[18]​, Es posible que, como era habitual en Génova, la «prisión» consistiera en estar confinado en casa de alguna familia, pero en cualquier caso Marco pasó los pocos meses de su encierro dictando a Rustichello un detallado relato de sus viajes por las entonces desconocidas regiones de Extremo Oriente. By this time, Marco was 21 years old. Marco Polo is an American drama streaming television series inspired by Marco Polo's early years in the court of Kublai Khan, the Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the founder of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). On their arrival there, M… [54] The church was entitled by law to a portion of his estate; he approved of this and ordered that a further sum be paid to the convent of San Lorenzo, the place where he wished to be buried. A preference for natural materials, high-quality workmanship and special details characterize the individual style of this international brand with Scandinavian roots, in keeping with the philosophy of its founders: The freedom to be yourself. II, "GREGORIO X, beato in "Enciclopedia dei Papi, "F. Wood's Did Marco Polo Go To China? [20], However, since also his father Niccolò was nicknamed Milione,[21] 19th-century philologist Luigi Foscolo Benedetto was persuaded that Milione was a shortened version of Emilione, and that this nickname was used to distinguish Niccolò's and Marco's branch from other Polo families. The Dominican father Francesco Pipino was the author of a translation into Latin, Iter Marci Pauli Veneti in 1302, just a few years after Marco's return to Venice. It depicts the Polos' journeys throughout Asia, giving Europeans their first comprehensive look into the inner workings of the Far East, including China, India, and Japan. [11]​ Su padre, Niccolò, había formado una asociación comercial, o fraterna compagnia, con sus hermanos Marco y Maffeo,[b]​ cuya residencia familiar se encontraba en la parroquia de San Severo, al norte de la basílica de San Marcos. [100], However, in the 2010s the Chinese scholar Peng Hai identified Marco Polo with a certain "Boluo", a courtier of the emperor, who is mentioned in the Yuanshi ("History of Yuan") since he was arrested in 1274 by an imperial dignitary named Saman. We offer guides and maps to over 200 destinations, from compact colourful pocket guides packed with insider tips to inspirational itinerary based guides in a unique spiral bound format, with all the maps you need in between. The show premiered on Netflix on December 12, 2014. According to de Rachewiltz, the concordance of Polo's detailed account of the princess with other independent sources that gave only incomplete information is proof of the veracity of Polo's story and his presence in China. Nuova serie, Milano, Mondadori, 2018, Marco Polo Went to China, in «Zentralasiatische Studien», vol. "The World's most diligent observer." Marco Polo. Durante la Baja Edad Media, la República de Venecia comenzó a convertirse en una potencia mediterránea. Proveniente de una familia ilustre de mercaderes, a sus 17 años empieza a viajar junto con su padre, Niccolò, (1971). Divisata con cinque cronologie. La expansión del Imperio mongol les llevó a las mismas puertas de Europa tras atravesar las estepas rusas y amenazar Polonia, aunque pronto se retiraron. Rustichello wrote Devisement du Monde in Franco-Venetian language, which was the language of culture widespread in northern Italy between the subalpine belt and the lower Po between the 13th and 15th centuries. In his book, Marco mentions an official named "Mar Sarchis" who probably was a Nestorian Christian bishop, and he says he founded two Christian churches in the region of "Caigiu". Por tanto, el contacto entre Roma y China era recíproco, pese a que Roma tenía más información sobre China gracias a la multitud de viajes que se habían hecho hacia aquella zona. Giulio Busi, "Marco Polo. Marco Polo reports that he was moved to Hangzhou the following year, in 1284. "The Million", deriving from Polo's nickname "Milione". Asiatische Studien 51.3 (1997): 719-728", "The Travels of Marco Polo – World Digital Library", "The most noble and famous travels of Marco Polo, together with the travels of Nicoláo de' Conti", "Frammento del "Milione" di Marco Polo – RIALFrI", "Apologia de'padri domenicani missionarii della China, o pvro risposta al libro del P. Le Tellier ... intitolato "difesa de nuovi Cristiani" ...", "Galleria de'Sommi Pontefici, patriarchi, arcivescovi, e vescovi dell'ordine de'Predicatori. Constan unos pocos documentos venecianos, pero están completamente ausentes en las fuentes chinas. According to Haw, this is a reasonable claim if Polo was, for example, a keshig – a member of the imperial guard by the same name, which included as many as 14,000 individuals at the time. The three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, exploring many places along the Silk Road until they reached Cathay (China). Estas traducciones, incluso las más tempranas, son a menudo bastante diferentes entre sí y contienen numerosos detalles contradictorios y controvertidos. [52] Interestingly, this circumstance does not appear in Polo's book of Travels. [54] He ordered 220 soldi be paid to Giovanni Giustiniani for his work as a notary and his prayers. Esta última afirmación es dada con base en los registros aparecidos en el anuario veneciano Chronicon Iustiniani (1358). [33][34][25] Meanwhile, Marco Polo's mother died, and an aunt and uncle raised him. Haw points out that Polo himself appears to state only that he had been an emissary of the khan, in a position with some esteem. [110] Haw also criticizes Wood's approach to finding mention of Marco Polo in Chinese texts by contending that contemporaneous Europeans had little regard for using surnames and that a direct Chinese transliteration of the name "Marco" ignores the possibility of him taking on a Chinese or even Mongol name with no bearing or similarity with his Latin name.[111]. In fact, Polo does not even imply that he had led 1,000 personnel. [7], Kublai initially refused several times to let the Polos return to Europe, as he appreciated their company and they became useful to him. [cita requerida]. [109] Haw also argues in his book Marco Polo's China that Marco's account is much more correct and accurate than has often been supposed and that it is extremely unlikely that he could have obtained all the information in his book from second-hand sources. [75] Three and a half years after leaving Venice, when Marco was about 21 years old, the Polos were welcomed by Kublai into his palace. [145], The airport in Venice is named Venice Marco Polo Airport. [52], In 1305 he is mentioned in a Venetian document among local sea captains regarding the payment of taxes. 1 Marco Polo creció en Venecia en la Edad Media. En la primera mitad del siglo XIV d. C. en su obra Imago Mundi seu Chronica, el fraile dominico Jacopo d'Acqui afirmó que Marco fue hecho prisionero en 1296 tras una batalla marítima entre mercaderes genoveses y venecianos en las cercanías de Layas, aunque la fecha real de la batalla corresponde a 1294, el año anterior a la llegada de Marco a Venecia. Reviewing Haw's book, Peter Jackson (author of The Mongols and the West) has said that Haw "must surely now have settled the controversy surrounding the historicity of Polo's visit to China". [20]​, Existe una versión alternativa y minoritaria que considera la colaboración de Marco Polo y Rustichello en la prisión de Génova como una ficción. [79] Eventually Polo crossed the Arabian Sea to Hormuz. This sentence in The Book of Marvels was interpreted as Marco Polo was "the governor" of the city of "Yangiu" Yangzhou for three years, and later of Hangzhou. [35]​ Hay que tener en cuenta también que en los relatos, los Polo se mueven sobre todo en los ambientes de la corte mongola, lejos de la base de la población china, que recién había sido conquistada y cuyas costumbres les eran extrañas.[36]​. A total of about 150 copies in various languages are known to exist. [96] Other accounts have also been verified; for example, when visiting Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, China, Marco Polo noted that a large number of Christian churches had been built there. Marco Polo is most often mentioned in the archives of the Republic of Venice as Marco Paulo de confinio Sancti Iohannis Grisostomi,[19] which means Marco Polo of the contrada of St John Chrysostom Church. In 1292, Kublai's great-nephew, then ruler of Persia, sent representatives to China in search of a potential wife, and they asked the Polos to accompany them, so they were permitted to return to Persia with the wedding party—which left that same year from Zaitun in southern China on a fleet of 14 junks. Es así como se despierta el interés por los mongoles en Europa. At this time, Venice was at war with the Republic of Genoa. [98], Sceptics have long wondered whether Marco Polo wrote his book based on hearsay, with some pointing to omissions about noteworthy practices and structures of China as well as the lack of details on some places in his book. [29] He received a good education, learning mercantile subjects including foreign currency, appraising, and the handling of cargo ships;[29] he learned little or no Latin. Marco Polo works when you have a moment to talk, even if your schedules don’t match. [143], The Marco Polo sheep, a subspecies of Ovis ammon, is named after the explorer,[144] who described it during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271. Such detailed descriptions are not found in other non-Chinese sources, and their accuracy is supported by archaeological evidence as well as Chinese records compiled after Polo had left China. [10][11][12] His father, Niccolò Polo, had his household in Venice and left Marco's mother pregnant in order to travel to Asia with his brother Maffeo Polo. [29], Marco Polo returned to Venice in 1295 with his fortune converted into gemstones. Es de destacar la leyenda del Preste Juan, un mítico rey cristiano que se suponía existía rodeado de infieles en Asia Central. «BBC – History – Historic Figures: Marco Polo (c. 1254–1324)», «Heritage History | Homeschool History Curriculum», «The curious case of Marco Polo from Korčula: An example of invented tradition», «UNCHARTED 2: Tras los pasos de Marco Polo», «A propos de la genèse du "Devisement dou Monde" de Marco Polo», https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco_Polo&oldid=132536033, Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de ISBN, Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en persa, Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en japonés, Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en baskir, Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en catalán, Wikipedia:Artículos destacados en la Wikipedia en neerlandés, Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en chino clásico, Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en portugués, Wikipedia:Artículos destacados en la Wikipedia en latín, Wikipedia:Artículos destacados en la Wikipedia en esperanto, Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en inglés, Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores VIAF, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores ISNI, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNE, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNC, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores CANTIC, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores NLA, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores SNAC, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BIBSYS, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores UB, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores Open Library, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BVMC persona, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores Dialnet, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores Proyecto Gutenberg autor, Wikipedia:Control de autoridades con 23 elementos, Licencia Creative Commons Atribución Compartir Igual 3.0. Francesco Pipino solemnly affirmed the truthfulness of the book and defined Marco as a "prudent, honoured and faithful man". [nb 1] On reaching the Yuan court, the Polos presented the sacred oil from Jerusalem and the papal letters to their patron. Oír mencionar el nombre de Marco Polo nos traslada a una época en la que viajar no era solo una aventura, sino que era una peligrosísima empresa solo al alcance de unos pocos. [94][100] This is taken further by Dr. Frances Wood who claimed in her 1995 book Did Marco Polo Go to China? Tras desviarse a Jerusalén para hacerse con el aceite de la lámpara del Santo Sepulcro, siguieron viaje hasta Layas donde se enteraron de que la elección papal había recaído precisamente en Tedaldo Visconti, que adoptó el nombre de Gregorio X. Regresaron de inmediato a Acre, en una galera facilitada por el rey León III de Armenia Menor, donde Visconti les facilitó nuevas credenciales además de hacer que les acompañaran dos frailes dominicos, aunque estos pronto abandonaron el largo viaje.[16]​. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Unfortunately, the party was soon attacked by bandits, who used the cover of a sandstorm to ambush them. Almost nothing is known about the childhood of Marco Polo until he was fifteen years old, except that he probably spent part of his childhood in Venice. Estos, en la conocida como ruta de la seda atravesaban Asia Central y las tierras controladas por los sarracenos, después de lo cual los compraban comerciantes italianos (venecianos, genoveses, pisanos...), que obtenían grandes beneficios revendiéndolos en Europa. Antes de Marco Polo, varios misioneros, como Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, viajaron como embajadores a Oriente, aunque sin conseguir resultados concretos. [127] Archaeologists have also pointed out that Polo may have mixed up the details from the two attempted invasions of Japan by Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281. En tiempos de Marco Polo este Gran Kan era Kublai Kan. El mundo conocido por los europeos no iba mucho más allá del actual Oriente Medio. [115], It may seem unlikely that a European could hold a position of power in the Mongolian empire. Over one hundred black-and-white illustrations bring Marco Polo's story to life. En 1271, Marco Polo se unió a su padre y su tío en su viaje a Asia; tomaron con ellos dos sacerdotes. Marco Polo había regresado de sus viajes trayendo consigo grandes riquezas, entre las cuales quizás la más valiosa era la experiencia acumulada a lo largo de veinticuatro años de ausencia. [24][25] His grandfather, Andrea Polo of the parish of San Felice, had three sons, Maffeo, yet another Marco, and the traveller's father Niccolò. "[114], Some scholars believe that Marco Polo exaggerated his importance in China. [21]​ En este caso la versión de Rustichello sería la traducción al francés de un texto escrito originariamente por Marco en veneciano, un manuscrito que también se habría perdido cuya versión conservada más próxima sería la traducción al latín realizada entre 1310 y 1317 por el dominico Francesco Pipino. 34-92, Chronology of European exploration of Asia, National Macaroni Manufacturers Association, Chinese expeditions to the Sinhala Kingdom, "Marco Polo | Biography, Travels, & Influence", "Un nuovo tassello della vita di Marco Polo: inedito ritrovato all'Archivio", Giovan Battista Ramusion, Delle navigationi et viaggi Vol. Posee una serie homónima en Netflix, Lorenzo Richelmy interpreta a un joven Marco Polo que pasa de ser prisionero de Kublai Khan (Benedict Wong) a convertirse en uno de sus mejores aliados y amigos. 2. 1. Captured Venetian citizens were blinded,[32] while many of those who managed to escape perished aboard overloaded refugee ships fleeing to other Venetian colonies in the Aegean Sea. De Giambattista Ramusio, en el siglo XVI d. C., procede la versión que sitúa el origen del encarcelamiento en la batalla naval de Curzola, la gran derrota veneciana que tuvo lugar en septiembre de 1298, aunque la fecha deja escaso margen para que fuera trasladado a Génova, conociera a Rustichello y ambos comenzaran a redactar su libro. However, some records prove he was not the first nor the only one. Sin embargo, no era posible que un hombre, aun dotado de una portentosa fantasía, imaginara todo aquello. [85], According to some recent research of the Italian scholar Antonio Montefusco, the very close relationship that Marco Polo cultivated with members of the Dominican Order in Venice suggests that local fathers collaborated with him for a Latin version of the book, which means that Rustichello's text was translated into Latin for a precise will of the Order. After leaving the princess, they travelled overland to Constantinople and then to Venice, returning home after 24 years. [29], The British scholar Ronald Latham has pointed out that The Book of Marvels was, in fact, a collaboration written in 1298–1299 between Polo and a professional writer of romances, Rustichello of Pisa. Gave to Pietro details of the astronomical observations he had led 1,000.... Marc o ’ Polo stands for high-class, contemporary premium modern casual wear be paid to Giustiniani! 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Uncle raised him returning home after 24 years, with many riches and treasures en viaje! ( c.1254–January 8, 1324, despite physicians ' efforts to treat,! S story to life ( 1997 ): 719-728, Igor de Rachewiltz strongly Wood! Se ganó el favor de Kublai Kan, quien le hizo su y... Is about the trader and explorer who followed in the Toledo manuscript the! However, he married Donata Badoèr, the institute that holds Polo Travels! His brother Maffeo set off on a trading voyage before Marco 's intelligence humility... While both were prisoners of the Genova Republic nickname `` Milione '' ». [ 23 ],... Los intercambios comerciales se encontraban casi siempre mediatizados por persas y árabes you the! Rustichello da Pisa while both were prisoners of the book and defined Marco as notary... Did Polo exert `` political authority '' ( seignora ) in Yangzhou or merely `` sojourn '' seignora. Readers are presented with the facts in this entertaining, highly readable quien fue localização... Zentralasiatische Studien », vol notary and his uncle Maffeo financed other,!, insistiendo: « ¡Solo he contado la mitad de lo que estaba más allá eran generalmente confusas y poca. Resto del mundo t need to be between 1271 and 1275 world 's most diligent observer ''! Likely never left Venetian provinces, nor returned to Venice in 1295, 24! Promulgated a new Crusade to start in 1278 in liaison with the Near,... Muy poca gente viajaba a otros continentes the Mongols [ 88 ] were probably another for... Fails to consider all the evidence supporting Marco Polo y su familia no eran únicos. 221–225 from, J. Jensen, Jørgen Jensen recalled the meeting of Polo! De quien fue Polo nasceu em 1254, [ nota 1 ] [ 29 ] Niccolò and returned! Mother died, and had three children an envoy bring him back oil of the ''! Left Venetian provinces, nor returned to Venice, capital of the book, Travels Marco.
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